The Life of Susan Brownell Anthony Free Essays

She is a leader, an advocate, a reformist, an educational reformer, a labor activist, a seeker of justice, a fighter of freedom, a crusader, a humanitarian, a rebel and most of all, a woman of suffrage. Susan B. Anthony led the life of struggles as she pushed forth the rights of women as equal citizens, amidst the dominance governing of men of her time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Susan Brownell Anthony or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Early Life Imagine a long line of Green Mountains, rushing streams tumbling through rocky gorges, beautiful meadows and forests, old bridges coupled with pleasantly old-fashioned farmhouses and roadways. This picturesque scenery is where Susan B. Anthony was born, a second child and second eldest to Daniel and Susan Read Anthony of Adams, Massachusetts on February 15, 1820. She grew up in the loving and welcoming arms of her mother and father. Although she lived in a somber and quiet home, theirs was a home filled with respect, affection and great comfort. Susan as a child is precocious, brimming with intelligence and life. At an early age of three she was taught to spell and read. She has great ambition and does things that are considered beyond a girl’s capacity. Her father, one of her greatest influences was as a manager of a milling company and an abolitionist enthusiast at that time. At the age of 10, she was permitted by her kind and charitable mother to accompany his father in his work and at the age of eleven was able to detect the injustice seen on women (Harper, 1969). She noticed a worker named Sally Ann who was exceptional in weaving not rising to a position of an overseer. A man named Elijah, who was the overseer at that time, kept going over to Sally Ann when dire situations come and in turn Sally Ann always manages to deliver and correct the problems. And so when she asked her father why ever Sally Ann never got the position as an overseer, he replied that it’s because she was a woman, the dissatisfaction of Susan grew up in a place filled with women. Most of the mill’s weavers were young girls and as custom, they reside with the millowner. Susan together with her mother took care of these women and cooks and packs a dinner pail for them. Education was very important in their household. When the family moved to Battenville, there is an old fashioned district school taught by a man in winter and a woman in summer, however their views on teaching a girl lessons that were never insisted upon her such as Mathematics pushed her father to build a private school employed with the best teachers and only admitted children willing to associate with his own. Girls were taught sewing, spelling as well as reading. Susan at the age of 15 became a teacher herself. This caused much debate from their neighbors for women are only employed or only work when situations are pressed upon them. In her time, women’s values as equals were ignored and the right to vote where given to a chosen few, however this was not the case in their household and Susan never forgot the mark that forever instilled her to fight. Issues of slavery also intermingle, she once heard her father saying never to buy cotton raised by slavery. She joined meetings and conferences along with her father by the time she was old enough and thus began her quest for freedom (Lutz, 1959). The Susan B. Anthony as an Abolitionist Members of Susan Anthony’s house during Sundays would meet at their farm where they were occasionally joined by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. In 1956 she became an agent of American Anti-Slavery Society wherein she’s active in conducting speeches and meetings. As a result she was mobbed, threatened. She was hung in effigy and her image was dragged around the streets. In 1963, together with her closest friend, Elizabeth Stanton that she met on 1951 created Women’s National Loyal League wherein they fought for the rights of Black women as full citizens by means of being allowed to vote. They were bitterly disappointed when their petition didn’t appear in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, however continued their campaign in her newspaper The Revolution that she herself is the editor and publisher. An Educational Reformer At the age of 26, Susan Anthony was the head of the girl’s department at Canajoharie Academy fro two years earning $110 a year. It was in 1953 that she called for a convention in which pinpoint the issues regarding better pay and positions for women. She reiterated that it should be so because men and women’s minds are of no difference so better opportunities should also be given to women ad ex-slaves such as education and equal treatment. One of her most memorable exploits was during the 1890’s, when she raised $50,000 to secure the admittance of women in the University of Rochester putting her life insurance policy in value to meet up the deadline. The said University was forced to submit due to their promise and as a result, during 1900’s women were admitted for the first time. As a Labor Activist In her paper, The Revolution she promoted the eight-hour day and equal pay for equal work which in turn promoted the purchasing of American-made goods and immigration in the South and resettle in the country. She encouraged women to form unions that will secure their right as workers and spearheaded the Workingwomen’s Central Association in 1970. As a Temperance Worker Her family always condemned the drinking of liquor. Back when she was a head of the girl’s department, she joined the Daughter of Temperance, a movement that notifies the public of the effects of liquor on families and campaigned for a law against it. There was a time when she had been refused to speak in a convention and in turn she walked out and held a convention of her own. Together with Elizabeth Stanton, she formed another organization and fought their way to the creation of laws against liquors. A Woman Suffragist and a Campaigner Anthony believed that in order for men and women to become equal, a necessity for women to be allowed to vote should be in order. It symbolizes the capacity for women to decide and at the same time be acknowledged of their worthiness. It was the onset of voting in 1872 that she defiantly casted her ballot in the presidential elections and was arrested because of it. In turn she denied that it wasn’t a crime and refused to pay for the penalty. She argued that she was merely exercising her right as a citizen of the country and recited the preamble of the federal constitution wherein she stressed that the citizens of the country, not white men or male men forms the union. It was in February 15, 1906, at the age of 86, Susan B. Anthony died. Ten thousand mourners grieved for her. In her later years she had extensively traveled the world seeking for woman empowerment. She was able to organize 48 countries with the same cause. It was 100 years after her birthday that 19th amendment was passed on, extending the rights of women to vote. A Conclusion In the end, it is safe to say that Susan B. Anthony is truly a woman ahead of her time. She might have lived a life full of struggles but she had lived on to the fullest. She had fought her way against the system in order to right what she thinks is an injustice. In the end, she is truly a hero and a martyr that maybe in one way or another, had not been not much credited upon. She is a symbol of truth and a mother of all women. She represents the women of today that now know how to fight for their rights. She had gone a long way but in the end, she fought hard and won hard. Her legend lives on as women continue to uphold their worth as women in the society, amidst the onslaught of injustices and oppression. The fight still continues as long as there are still those who suffer. References An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Anthony, on teh Charge of Illegal voting, at the Presidential Election in November, 1872. Rochester: Daily Democrat and Chronicle Book Print, 1872. Reprinted 2002 by The Lawbook Exchange Limited. Biography of Susan B. Anthony. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http://www. susanbanthonyhouse. org/biography. shtml Harper, Ida Husted. (1969) Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony. New YorkL Arno, 1969. NOTES: Reprint of ten 1898-1908 ed. Holland, Patricia G. â€Å"Susan B. Anthony. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Linder. Doug (2001). The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting. Retrieved January 18 2008 from http://www. law. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/anthony/sbaaccount. html Lutz, A. (1959). Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian. Zenger Publishing Co. Inc. Washington D. C. Susan B. Anthony. (2006). American Atheist. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http://www. atheists. org/Atheism/roots/anthony/ How to cite The Life of Susan Brownell Anthony, Essays

Lord Of The Flies And Othello Comparison free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Lord of the Fliess and Othello Comparison The antique subject of good versus immorality is presented in both William Golding s Lord of the Flies ( LOTF ) , and William Shakespeare s Othello. The characters are used to demo the conflict between the two. Simon and Desdemona who represent pureness and embody an innate goodness are challenged by many characters that do non possess the same holy qualities- who have really subsided to the immorality that is, in every manner, their opposite. Jack and Iago represent the immorality in the novels. Unfortunately in both pieces we see the loss of life for the pure characters through the clasps of immorality. The immorality does non needfully win, as both characters maintain their standings as unsloped and wholly pure persons, even in their barbarous slayings. Simon and Desdemona clearly represent all that is good in the universe. The characters are portrayed by the writers to be really understanding and compassionate persons. Desdemona expresses in her linguistic communication and actions, an inexperienced person, unselfish love and concern for others. This is apparent when Desdemona makes supplications on behalf Cassio for Othello s forgiveness, and in her inability to grok a adult female s desire to rip off. Cassio has asked Desdemona to do a supplication to Othello for his return to office. Desdemona, being the compassionate adult female that she is asks Othello the first opportunity she gets, Good my Godhead, If I have any grace or power to travel you, His present rapprochement return. For if he be non on that truly loves you that errs in ignorance, and non in cunning I have no opinion in an honorable face. I prithee name him back. ( 94-95 ) Although this act of good will makes Desdemona look guilty of an matter with Cassio, it besides shows her love and concern for others. After Othello s accusals Desdemona negotiations to Emilia about criminal conversation. Desdemona asks if there be adult females make mistreat their hubbies in such gross sort? And later says, I do non believe there is any such adult female ( 142 ) she can non grok that a adult female would make such a thing, allow entirely perpetrate the offense herself. Simon besides portions that same compassion and sense of concern for others. This is demonstrated many times throughout the text but is highlighted by his attention for the littluns and Piggy. They talked, cried out ununderstandably, lugged him towards the trees. Then, amid the boom of bees in the afternoon sunshine, Simon found for them the fruit they could non make, pulled off the choicest from up in the leaf, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched sets. ( 57 ) In this scene Simon appears to be a Jesus for the littluns. He is unselfish in his labor to supply everyone with the nutrient they need to last. Another case of this occurs when Jack and the huntsmans return from the Hunt with meat for all of the male childs, excepting Piggy. Piggy is infuriated with the intervention he is having, but is still refused meat from Jack. At this point Simon wiped his oral cavity and shoved his piece of meat over the stones to Piggy ( 78 ) Through these and other scenes Desdemona and Simon s good nature and concern for others is made obvious. Iago and Jack are the chief characters in the books that use aninnate immoralities to challe nge all characters, particularly those that possess an congenital goodness. Honest Iago who is a wholly fallacious character is convinced that Nothing can or shall content my psyche Till I am evened with him married woman for married woman. Or neglecting so, yet I put the Moor at least into green-eyed monster so strong that opinion can non bring around. ( 76 ) Iago’s calumniatory toxicants shortly take their consequence, and the Moor rages over his wife’s imagined unfaithfulnesss. After many prevarications and set-ups Iago has convinced Othello that Desdemona has non been faithful. He advises Othello to Strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated ( 126 ) His destructive prevarications have encircled the full drama and terminal in the slaying of Desdemona by the custodies of her loving hubby. Jack first appears coming out of the # 8220 ; darkness of the forest. # 8221 ; This image foreshadows the evil function he plays in the narrative. Jack, who is the leader of huntsmans, persuades many of the male childs to fall in in the Hunt and putting to death of hogs, and subsequently of Simon. After the first hog is murdered Jack gives out the meat proudly to the all the kids, except Piggy. Jack had meant to go forth him in uncertainty, as an averment of power ( 78 ) . Right before St. simons slaying he screams Make our dance! Come on! Dance! ( 167 ) Jack insists that everyone articulation in on the rites. The kids get carried off in the demonic dance and when Simon crawls out of the wood to portion his cognition they kill him. Both Jack and Iago spread their immorality and play a major function in the decease of the inexperienced person. Although the slaying of both characters is uncalled for and unfair, the writers make it clear that they have non been corrupted by the immorality that took their lives. Golding makes a point to carefully detail Simon s entombment. The following in an exert from his burial- The H2O rose further and appareled Simon s coarse hair with brightness. The line of his cheek silvered and the bend of his shoulder became graven marble. Somewhere over the darkened curve of the universe the Sun and Moon were wailing. Softly, surrounded by a periphery of speculative bright animals, itself a Ag form beneath the steadfast configurations, Simon s dead organic structure moved out towards the unfastened sea. ( Golding 170 ) It is a really poetic transition from the text and Golding topographic points such accent on it to cement the fact that Simon truly was a virtuous person, and remains this manner in decease. As Desdemona lies in her deathbed she is given one last breath to talk to her nurse. The nurse demands to cognize who hath done this title? and Desdemona who has stayed soft and loving animal replies Nobody- I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my sort Godhead. O, farewell! Desdemona s true nature is shown in her decease. Her ability to forgive the adult male who stole her life highlights the compassion and understanding this adult female had. Both Golding and Shakespeare make it really clear that the immorality and corruptness that surrounded Desdemona and Simons decease do non consequence them. The subject of good versus immorality is apparent in both LOFT and Othello. Desdemona and Simon who are the pure characters are challenged in life by the immoral characters represented by Jack and Iago. Although the evil prevails in taking their lives it is non winning in the battle to pervert the pure.

Satirical techniques in Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Satirical techniques in Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down The phrase Yellow Back refers to the culture of different fiction novels that created the myth of the Old West at the end of the nineteenth century. Although some people describe old west as just a state of mind, "one had to describe in one word the books that transformed not only series publishing but all publishing in the last half of the nineteenth century, it would be yellow-back'". (Harry Rusche). Radio is the culture that followed that era and after so many years, it became the TV culture; then cable TV; then MTV and now, the latest technology of cyberspace. Broke-down is a phrasal verb that means to stop functioning. However, in this paper, the terms are different in some ways. Radio "refers to the novel's oral, discontinuous form". (Carl Brucker). The term broke-down' means, "dismantling". Thus, the title of the novel means, "dismantling of a genre done in an oral way like radio". (Carl Brucker). "Yellow Back Radio" can also be read as symbolic of a media broadcasting traditi onal American values of capitalism and monotheism back in the 60's. That is how author Ishmael Reed defines it. Need essay sample on "Satirical techniques in Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Very Often Tell Us: I've procrastinated to write my film essays essay way too much today & I still don't wanna write it EssayLab professionals propose: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline How To Write A Term PaperHow To Write A 5 Paragraph EssayCheap EssaysPay For PapersCollege Papers For SalePay For EssayEssays For SaleBuy Essay Before proceeding to this paper's main theme, brief information on Reed is a must. Born 1938 in Tennessee, a state in the southern part of the USA, Ishmael Reed grew up in middle class neighborhoods in Buffalo, New York-the working class people. He attended the University of Buffalo. When Reed moved to New York City, he co-founded an underground newspaper called' East Village Other' in 1965. It achieved a national reputation. Also in 1965, he organized the American Festival of Negro Art. A novelist, poet, and essayist, a songwriter, television producer, publisher, magazine editor, playwright, and founder of the Before Columbus Foundation and There City Cinema, among his many hats, Reed has been a lecturer at the University of California at Berkeley. He now lives in Oakland, California. The purposes of this book review are, one: to find the political or social message in the text. Two: to see the larger `truth` being satirized. Three: the use of incongruity throughout the novel's powe r relationships between the Loop Garoo Kid and Drag. And four: the writers view for and against the novel's critical message. Above and beyond that, this novel will also define words like: satirical, incongruity, vodoun, hoodooism and houngan to name a few. In the novel "Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down", the study of it involves incongruity. In this novel, the term incongruity refers to the act of being inappropriate and unsuitable. For example, in the 60's, America still has not embraced the concept of accepting black people as part of their citizens. It was a time of transition for politics and new beliefs. It was "incongruent" at that time in a positive way because Reed was thinking ahead of his time. He saw that one day there would not only be equality among races in the USA but also a peaceful transfer of power from one white leader into another black leader as the case of today that there are now people-of-color policing different states across America. In Reed's time of writing this novel, there was already black cowboys way before his time. The old west was in fact, a history of two races-black and white people. According to history, "in 1513 thirty Africans with Balboa hacked their way through the lush vegetation of Panama and rea ched the Pacific. His men paused to build the first large European ships on the Pacific coast. Africans were with Ponce de Leon when he reached Florida" (William Katz). William Loren Katz stated that the explorers used Africans as interpreters in trading and exploratory ventures. This was first the idea of Portuguese conquistadors in the fifteenth century. Prince Henry actually ordered in 1435 that interpreters be used on all voyages to stabilize peace upon docking. Portuguese ships even brought Africans to Lisbon where they would be taught the language that could be used to interpret on subsequent voyages to Africa. As for the novel, it is filled with religious conflict on every page one will leaf through. The main character of the story is The Loop Garoo Kid-an African-American cowboy and Neohoodoo Houngan. Loop Garoo struggles to combat his nemesis in the person of Drag. Drag Gibson is an influential landowner who believes in Judeo-Christian Values. The United States, in all over the world, is the only country that defines itself as such. Judeo Christian, by the way is, "a belief in the biblical sense of Israel, in God's Ten Commandments and His biblical moral laws. It is a belief in universal, not relative, morality. It is a belief that America must answer morally to this God, not to the mortal, usually venal, governments of the world". (Dennis Prager). This means, in layman's terms, that it is a monotheistic religion that believes in God and corruption. In more words than usual, this novel by Ishmael Reed is more political than storytelling. Another character in the novel is Chief Showcase. Based on the story, he is the last surviving Native-American in the Yellow Back region. When Drag slaughtered all of Chief's people, the latter began writing prose against the sovereign of Drag in the town. This signifies the changes in USA when the white people eradicated the Native American tribes. Countless battles have been fought to relocate the Indians' into reservation camps. The 3 major characters showed most of the satirical humor of Reed. One, Drag killed a total of 7 wives in the entirety of the novel. This symbolizes failed marriages and divorce with failing amicable settlement on both parties. Two, the country's government's greed to take over lands that were once owned by capitalists is present in Chief Showcase's character of flying between two sides-landowners and the country's bureaucracy. The novel's minor characters also displayed satiric humor. Moustache Sal is the nymphomaniac mail-order bride of Drag. She does not have any racial discrimination at all in her persona. She even consorted with Loop Garoo and Chief. This signifies adultery and the trend of WASP's to order strangers from another country and marry them. Another character is Zozo Labrique. She is a Mambo. A Mambo is the female version of a Houngan. Killed by Drag's men, she reappeared as Loa-a spirit that guided Loop Garoo when summoned. This type of ritual signifies the idea that in Voduan, we are capable of calling forth the spirits that can gu ide us. Another character that best typifies human folly in the history of America is Pope Innocent. The Pope was just a very minor detail in the novel but the fact that he was invited by Drag meant that it is an epitome of how the Catholic Church suppressed the weaker cultures. The novel tells us how every now and then the Catholic Church will fight an insurgent small group. The next minor character is Reverend Boyd: the minister of a minor religion-Protestantism. This character satirizes the fact that church leaders have more skeletons in the closet than ordinary citizens. An example of this is the minister's resorting to drinking. It was very subtle of Reed to only state the drinking problem. In today's global news, leaders of religious sects have sex scandals already. The last minor character worth remembering in the novel is Field Marshall Theda Doompussy Blackwell. Upon reading the novel, one will have a vision that Blackwell is homosexual. Viewed as weak, and petulant, he is a symbol of the corrupt laws of the government in the early years of USA at the height of the Yellow back era. Poking fun at the image that men in uniform are often tough and rough, Reed made sure that this arm of the law is a non-conformist of the norms in his own right. The hidden truth in this novel is not a one item-one sentence description. There is the Loop Garoo who fights for his own beliefs; there is Drag Gibson who is the bully representative of the upper white class; there is Chief who, like a turncoat, flies between the eagle and the dove. Racial conflict is very much paramount in the novel too. The focus of the novel was the conflict between Loop Garoo and Drag Gibson: ebony versus ivory. Religious conflict: Neohoodooism against Judeo-Christianity. In the end, when Drag died because of Yellow Back's steel jawed hogs, it could well mean that the fatty foods of rich people with tender love for meat and heavy meals might kill them or it could mean another thing like broken promises of white leaders. In truth, the novel is one-sided it is old and was published back in the 60's. Leaders today, whether black or white, have failed promises as well. This novel could be a symbol of post war America but it does not speak of the American people's vo ice anymore than it used to do. The good: amazing description on symbolism; good choice of words; tremendous plot and uniquely named characters. The bad: quite outdated. This novel however, will always be a good read for satire and symbolism lovers. Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down makes fun of the Americans' eagerness to suspend civil rights in response to student protests of the Vietnam War. The novel is a talking novel because it has more dialogues than scenes and plots and is narrated by Loop Garoo-the post-war hero who brought new ideas and different concepts. Works Cited Brucker, Carl. "Ishmael Reed: Reedwritin' is a Contextual Query". 1987. June 23,2008 http://daphne.palomar.edu/rlatas/ho/100/reedwrittin.htm . Emick, Jennifer "Alternative Religions". 2008. June 22,2008 Gover, Robert. "Neohoodooism". JSTOR. June 23, 2008 http://www.jstor.org/pss/3041491 Katz, William. "The Black West". October 2005. June 23, 2008 http://www.randomhouse.com/broadway/blackink/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780767912310 Prager, Dennis. "What does Judeo-Christian mean? The Uniqueness of America". March 30,2004. June 23, 2008 http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0304/prager_2004_03_30_04.php3 Reed, Ishmael. "Yellow Back Radio broke down". 1969. Novel. Rusche, Harry. "Women's Genre Fiction Project: The yellow-back novel". June 23, 2008 http://womenwriters.library.emory.edu/genrefiction/doc-tgfwfw-hr_yellowbacks . Vodoun Culture. Vodoun official website. June 23, 2008http://www.geocities.com/athens/Delphi/5319/whatis.htm

Cellulose and Hemicellulose Essays

Cellulose and Hemicellulose Essays Cellulose and Hemicellulose Paper Cellulose and Hemicellulose Paper When A.niger has been starved for 6 hours, CreA repression is alleviated and it releases a subset of scouting enzymes to find a carbon source to breakdown [2]. From six to nine hours, the scouting enzymes (or degradative enzymes) look out for complex polysaccharides which will release inducing sugars (such as xylose). The release of xylose triggers a subsequent induction of hydrolases by XInR and from nine hours plus, degradation of complex polysaccharides takes place. Other bacterial and fungal models suggest that the induction of these enzymes is from a basal level of expression of degradative enzymes[16]. Transcriptional changes are seen in A.niger in association with growth on wheat straw compared to growth on simple sugars (e.g. glucose). With growth on wheat straw, it was observed that levels of free glucose increased indicating that degradation had begun on wheat straw polysaccharide. In addition, increases in xylose levels and arabinose in comparison to increase in glucose showed that hemicellulose degradation is the primary activity of A.niger at this point [2]. Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicellulose  The plant cell wall is composed of polysaccharides; cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin (in order of abundance) [17] and lignin.  The most famous and abundant polysaccharide is cellulose or ÃŽ ²-1,4-glucan, in both primary and secondary cell walls. The cellulose content in cell walls vary but can be up to 45% in particular primary cell walls[17]. It is a linear polymer made up ÃŽ ²-1,4-linked D-glucose residues, existing in four polymorphic crystalline forms and is closely linked to xylan (a hemicellulose). In the cell wall, monomers are ordered to become fibres to give rigidity to the cell wall. Additionally, there are two types of cellulose; the native type and regenerative type[18]. To breakdown cellulose through Trichoderma and Aspergillus species, three main classes of enzymes are involved: endoglucanases (EG), cellobiohydrolases (CBH) and ÃŽ ²-glucosidases (ÃŽ ²-GD). EG hydrolyses cellulose to glucooligosaccharides followed by CBH degrading crystalline cellulose to produce cellobiose. Finally, ÃŽ ²-glucosidase degrade the oligosaccharides to glucose[19]. However, as a results of different enzyme studies, exoglucanases have been seen to release glucose from cellulose and glucooligosaccharides however, it is not a clear distinction from the role of cellobiohydrolases[20]. Lastly, expression of cellulolytic genes in Aspergilli is observed in the presence of various monomeric and polymeric carbon sources. Hemicelluloses are heterogeneous polysaccharides. They are used as a flexible cell wall support for plants and are able to bond to cellulose microfibrils through hydrogen bonding[13, 21]. However, the composition of this polysaccharide is different between plants and between species. There are many types of hemicelluloses but predominant types are xylan (in cereals) and xyloglucan (in onions). Xylan is a polymer consisting of a ÃŽ ²-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone and a side group. In wheat straw, the side group to the xylose backbone are D-glucopyranosyluronic acid at position 2 and L-arabinofuranosyl and D-xylopyranosyl groups linked at position 3 on the backbone[22]. To degrade the xylan backbone, endoxylanses are used to cleave the backbone down to oligosaccharides and further degradation by ÃŽ ²-xylosidases produces xylose [20]. For the degradation of xyloglucan, EGs and ÃŽ ²-GD are used. Finally, pectins are a group of heteropolysaccharies. The backbone of pectin is compost of ÃŽ ±-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues[20].  A non-polysaccharide component of the cell walls is lignin. In trees, lignin’s role in the cell wall is to support xylem cell and is covalently link to hemicellulose [23, 24]. However, in terms of advanced biofuel production, one of the key issues with the breakdown of wheat straw is lignin as it cannot be hydrolysed and monolignals are not involved to bioethanol production. Consequently, pre-treatment is a crucial step to allow access to cellulose and hemi-cellulose[25] which can be thermal, chemical or fungal. A chemical pre-treatment is to degrade lignin in wheat straw, is using a mixture of acetic acid–nitric acid or using white rot fungi [26, 27]. An aim for future biofuels is to reduce the amount of pre-treatments required since stronger pre-treatments reduce the availability of polysaccharides. Cellobiohydrolase (CBH) A and B are involved in the breakdown of ÃŽ ²-1,4-glucan down to glucose, particularly the breakdown of the crystalline cellulose. These two enzymes are encoded by the genes cbhA and cbhB respectively and belong to the fungal family CBH 7. The modular structure of cbhB contains a cellulose binding domain or carbohydrate binding module (CBM) domain which is linked to a catalytic domain by a Pro/Ser/Thr-rich linker peptide but cbhA has just the catalytic domain[28]. The modular structure of CbhB can be seen across a number of species and in T.reesei, over half of the protein secreted is cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) which has the exact same structure is seen cbhB[11]. It must be noted that the lack of a CBD in cbhA only affects its cellulase activities with insoluble cellulose but not with other soluble substrates[29]. The regulation of many cellulases is at the transcriptional level. Transcriptional repression of these genes can be seen in T.reesei in the presence of glucose by CreA whereas transcriptional activation is induced by XInR[30]. Furthermore, the expression of cbhA and cbhB are activated by XInR, xylanolytic transcriptional activator in the presence of D-xylose.[28]  Carbohydrate-Binding Module (CBM) Domain  The CBM domain catalyses the inefficient attack on glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides by GHs[31]. Glycosidic bonds do not always fit in the active site of GHs therefore to overcome this, many GHS use catalytic and non-catalytic CBMs to promote their association with their substrate.  CBMs are mainly involved in to the hydrolysis of plant structure polysaccharides such as cellulose and hemicellulose. They also contain protein domains within a carbohydrate-active enzyme which is separate from a catalytic domain with carbohydrate binding activity[32]. A.niger has a subtype of CBM called the starch binding domain (SBD) which is found at the many amylolytic enzymes. The CBM domain was previously defined as cellulose binding domain (CBD) because initial studies on these domains found these modules bound to cellulose [33, 34]. However, it can now be seen that modules appear to be bound to other carbohydrates. CBDs, in particular in T.reesei, are essential in cellulases performing the beginning steps of cellulose degradation as most of the substrate is still insoluble. However, not all cellobiohydrolase contain a CBD, such as cbhA in A.niger [28, 35]. Expression of Xylanolytic Enzymes Xylanolytic enzymes breakdown xylan into xylose and are produced on xylose (monosaccharide), xylan (polysaccharide) or substrates containing these sugars[20]. However, xylanolytic enzymes are not induced by other monomeric or polymeric substrates such as glucose and cellulose. Some are cellulases are induced by xylose suggesting the presence of xylose may activate transcription genes encoding cellulases[28]. There is a separate regulatory control of synthesis of cellulases and beta-xylanases. In certain species such as A.terreus, xylanolytic enzyme, ÃŽ ²-xylanase was induced by cellobiose and cellulose (which are structurally related to xylobiose and xylan) as well as a heterodissachride of glucose and xylose[36] [37]. Studies of the genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes (from A.niger and A.tubingensis) have shown that these enzymes are expressed in the presence of D-xylose, xylobiose, or xylan by XInR (transcriptional activator) however, when xylose concentration is too high or glucose is present, thee genes are repressed by CreA(catabolite repressor protein)[38-40].

The Golden Age of Piracy 1700-1725

The Golden Age of Piracy 1700-1725 Piracy, or thievery on the high seas, is a problem that has popped up on several different occasions in history, including the present. Certain conditions must be met for piracy to thrive, and these conditions were never more evident than during the so-called Golden Age of Piracy, which lasted roughly from 1700 to 1725. This era produced many of the most famous pirates of all time, including Blackbeard, Calico Jack Rackham, Edward Low and Henry Avery. Conditions for Piracy to Thrive Conditions have to be just right for piracy to boom. First, there must be many able-bodied young men (preferably sailors) out of work and desperate to make a living. There must be shipping and commerce lanes nearby, full of ships that carry either wealthy passengers or valuable cargo. There must be little or no law or government control. The pirates must have access to weapons and ships. If these conditions are met, as they were in 1700 (and as they are in present-day Somalia), piracy may become common. Pirate or Privateer? A privateer is a ship or individual who is licensed by a government to attack enemy towns or shipping during times of war as a private enterprise. Perhaps the most famous privateer was Sir Henry Morgan, who was given a royal license to attack Spanish interests in the 1660s and 1670s. There was a great need for privateers from 1701 to 1713 during the War of Spanish Succession when Holland and Britain were at war with Spain and France. After the war, privateering commissions were no longer given out and hundreds of experienced sea rogues were suddenly put out of work. Many of these men turned to piracy as a way of life. Merchant and Navy Ships Sailors in the 18th century had a choice: they could join the navy, work on a merchant ship, or become a pirate or privateer. Conditions on board the naval and merchant vessels were abominable. The men were routinely underpaid or even cheated of their wages completely, the officers were strict and harsh, and the ships were often filthy or unsafe. Many served against their will. Navy press gangs roamed the streets when sailors were needed, beating able-bodied men into unconsciousness and putting them on board a ship until it sailed. Comparatively, life on board a pirate ship was more democratic and often more profitable. Pirates were extremely diligent about sharing the loot fairly, and although punishments could be severe, they were rarely needless or capricious. Perhaps Black Bart Roberts said it best, In an honest service there is thin commons, low wages, and hard labor; in this, plenty and satiety, pleasure and ease, liberty and power; and who would not balance creditor on this side, when all the hazard that is run for it, at worst, is only a sour look or two at choking. No, a merry life and a short one shall be my motto. (Johnson, 244) (Translation: In honest work, the food is bad, the wages are low and the work is hard. In piracy, there is plenty of loot, its fun and easy and we are free and powerful. Who, when presented with this choice, would not choose piracy? The worst that can happen is you can be hanged. No, a merry life and a short one shall be my motto.) Safe Havens for Pirates For pirates to prosper there must be a safe haven where they can go to restock, sell their loot, repair their ships and recruit more men. In the early 1700s, the British Caribbean was just such a place. Towns like Port Royal and Nassau thrived as pirates brought in stolen goods to sell. There was no royal presence, in the form of governors or Royal Navy ships in the area. The pirates, possessed of weapons and men, essentially ruled the towns. Even on those occasions when the towns were off-limits to them, there are enough secluded bays and harbors in the Caribbean that finding a pirate who did not want to be found was nearly impossible. The End of the Golden Age Around 1717 or so, England decided to put an end to the pirate plague. More Royal Navy ships were sent and pirate hunters commissioned. Woodes Rogers, a tough former privateer, was made governor of Jamaica. The most effective weapon, however, was the pardon. A royal pardon was offered for pirates who wanted out of the life, and many pirates took it. Some, like Benjamin Hornigold, stayed legit, while others who took the pardon, like Blackbeard or Charles Vane, soon returned to piracy. Although piracy would continue, it was not nearly as bad a problem by 1725 or so. Sources: Cawthorne, Nigel. A History of Pirates: Blood and Thunder on the High Seas. Edison: Chartwell Books, 2005.Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2009Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Mariner Books, 2008.

Unit 9 Project Social Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 9 Project Social Problems - Research Paper Example ‎ Causes of domestic violence may be many which include the high consumption of alcohol by the partner or some sort of mental illness. Since family violence is not limited to just physical or oral harassment, it may also consist acts such as unlawful imprisonment, stalking, endangerment etc. Family violence is illegal and can be claimed under the different acts imposed by laws. According to the government, family violence is applicable despite the race, religion, culture or sexual differences. It simply defines the acts under which one partner holds power and control over the other forcefully. There are many types of family violence and the ones that exceed a certain limit may go to the court under special orders (Wilson, 2005). The family violence is a social problem that may directly relate to two members of the family, one who is performing the violence and the other who is undergoing the violence. There may be more than two members of the family who are undergoing the violence, but generally there may be only two. Most of the cases show that family violence is done by the husband onto the wife, and sometimes the children. Women have long been the victims of family violence. However, there may also be violence against men yet rare. The perspective of the partner perpetrating the violent acts may be many, but may not be justified. There are many theories that explain the cause of family violence. Some of the general characteristics of the perpetrator that are recorded may be the psychological theories, the mental or the social theories. These theories may include the theories in a wide range like the external factors influencing the perpetrator as well. Psychological reasons explain the person’s state of mind or behaviors such as sudden burst of anger, poor self-esteem and many other factors. Jealousy also causes anger and uncontrollable urge of taking violent actions. Jealousy often develops

Lesson 14 discussions and assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson 14 discussions and assignment - Coursework Example Rock ‘n’ roll transformed teenagers into a marketing concept. On 13th October 1958, pop singer Jo Stafford commented that â€Å"Rock ‘n’ roll is an economic thing† (History-of-rock.com, n.d.). Teenagers were considered as the first generation to become a sufficient market for rock ‘n’ roll because they were given enough money by their parents to buy music in large quantities that can influence the music market. Rock ‘n’ roll music got the attention of youth since 1952. The economy had allowed them to owned radios and televisions. Because ‘n’ and roll was becoming popular, radios and televisions played it regularly (History-of-rock.com, n.d). The music was easy to dance to, appealing mainly to teenagers who saw fun in dancing. The music was therefore played for dance in the inner-city, especially black schools, and parties for white schools. The income channeled to music in 1950s also benefited the increasing range of advertisers targeting teenagers (Campbell and Brody, 1999). Teen-oriented radio stations and television programmes (e.g. American Bandstand) were also developed to meet the increasing teenage demand for rock ‘n’ roll music. Teenagers also purchased rock ‘n’ roll music records as a way of rebelling against adults in order to assert their generational identity. In the subsequent decades, the strategies for marketing rock music changed as technologies and recording studios became an avenue for marketing music in 1960s and 1970s (Campbell and Brody, 1999). New generation record producers such as Smokey Robinson and Brian Wilson had a commercial challenge to widen the concept of music beyond rock ‘n’ roll, and to target a wider sphere of teenage